Plants have a tricky choice to make when it comes to growing well. They need to keep harmful pests, or antagonists, at bay while also getting the most out of helpful partners, or mutualists. But these two goals can conflict. When a plant defends itself against pests, it might mess up how it manages its beneficial partners. Scientists studied peas, aphids, and some helpful bacteria to see how plants handle this dilemma.

They found that peas can reward or punish helpful bacteria in their root nodules even when there’s more than one type. But here’s the catch: when aphids are around, peas stop managing these beneficial bacteria so well. The more strictly the plant tried to manage the bacteria during an aphid attack, the more it got infected by a virus the aphids carry.

This suggests that during a pest attack, plants might not be able to pick the best partners. These mixed situations might be common, and if plants can’t sanction the uncooperative mutualists, they could hide out in these mixed areas. This could reduce the benefits plants get from their helpful partners. Understanding this balancing act will help farmers breed plants that get the most out of their helpful partners even in tough conditions.

Unable to Choose: Plant Defense vs. Mutualist Management

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