Imagine a world 45, 000 years ago, where small groups of humans, dressed in fur-lined clothing, roamed the chilly European tundra. These early Europeans, known as the Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (LRJ) people, left behind clues about their lives through fossilized remains and distinctive stone tools. Recently, scientists found ancient genomes from these people in Germany and the Czech Republic, providing new insights into human migration out of Africa.

The newly discovered genomes are the oldest yet for modern humans in Europe, dating back to this early period. They reveal fascinating details about these people's lives and their connections to others. For instance, researchers found that the LRJ people were genetically similar to individuals from both Germany and the Czech Republic, suggesting they were part of the same extended family or cultural group. This hints at a level of isolation, with only a few hundred people spread across a vast, harsh landscape.

One interesting finding is that the LRJ people did not carry genes for pale skin, unlike many Europeans today. Their dark skin reflected their recent African origins. However, their time in Europe was brief. Despite surviving the trek from Africa and generations in the cold wilderness, their lineage eventually disappeared, leaving no genetic trace in modern populations.

Another significant revelation is the deep connection these ancient humans had with Neanderthals. Interbreeding between the two groups left a legacy of Neanderthal DNA in our genomes. The LRJ people carried long stretches of Neanderthal DNA, indicating interbreeding occurred around 46, 000 years ago, just 1, 000 to 2, 500 years before their time. This tightens the timeline for when humans moved from the Middle East into Europe.

The story of the LRJ people underscores the complexity of human migration. While some groups, like those who reached Australia 65, 000 years ago and possibly China 100, 000 years ago, thrived, others faced extinction. The LRJ people's extinction mirrors that of the Neanderthals, who vanished around 40, 000 years ago.

This discovery challenges our understanding of human history, showing that survival was precarious. Small populations could go extinct, while others prospered and shaped the world we live in today.

The First Europeans: A Story of Survival and Extinction

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