Rabbi Avi Goldberg, a respected community figure, passed away last month while fighting in Israel's recent conflict with Hezbollah. He saw his military service as a religious duty, a view shared by many observant Jews in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Since the outbreak of war in October 2023, numerous religiously observant soldiers have lost their lives. Religion is a significant motivator for these soldiers, who observe the Sabbath, eat kosher food, and pray daily. The IDF tries to accommodate various religious practices, like swearing oaths on holy books and ensuring food meets dietary requirements. However, this positive relationship between faith and military service stands in stark contrast to the ultra-Orthodox Jews who oppose military duty due to their religious beliefs. This refusal has caused a manpower shortage in the IDF during the ongoing war.

Political tensions have also arise around this issue, with protests erupting after the Supreme Court's decision to end exemptions for ultra-Orthodox Jews. The resolution of this matter could significantly affect Israel's military strength and democratic stability. It's crucial to understand that the idea of questioning military service based on religious law is a relatively new development. When Israel fought its War of Independence in 1948, leading ultra-Orthodox rabbis joined the military effort, despite their initial opposition to the state's creation. Judaism teaches that participating in war in certain circumstances, such as national defense, is a commandment. However, this interpretation has been overshadowed by the exemption given to those devoted to full-time Torah study.

Today, many ultra-Orthodox men, even those not committed to full-time study, claim this exemption. This has led to a dire situation where the military is understaffed, with reservists serving extended periods and the military's effectiveness compromised. The obligation to protect life is a core Jewish tenet, and with the constant threat of missiles and drones from neighboring countries, this duty becomes paramount. Religious soldiers play a vital role in ensuring the safety and stability of Israel, which aligns with key Jewish theological and spiritual goals. The late Rabbi Goldberg and other fallen soldiers exemplify this commitment to service and the obligation it entails.

Religious Beliefs and Military Service: A Complex Relationship

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