Liver's Immune System: Neutrophils and T Cells Team Up

The liver is a resilient organ, capable of enduring significant damage. However, when liver cells die, they release signals that trigger inflammation—not from infection, but from the body's own response to injury.

Neutrophils: The First Responders

Neutrophils are the first to arrive at the scene. They release traps composed of DNA and proteins to catch invaders. These traps, however, can also exacerbate inflammation.

The False Alarm

Damaged liver cells release their DNA, which can send the immune system into overdrive. This false alarm causes the body to believe it is under attack, leading to further damage. ATP, a molecule used by cells for energy, is also released. Excessive ATP can worsen inflammation by altering the behavior of immune cells.

The Cycle of Inflammation

Neutrophils and T cells communicate and collaborate to combat threats. However, this interaction can sometimes result in more harm than good. Neutrophils can make T cells more aggressive, while T cells can increase neutrophil activity. This creates a cycle of inflammation, a common feature in various liver diseases such as autoimmune hepatitis, alcohol-related liver disease, and fatty liver disease.

Scientific Endeavors

Researchers are exploring ways to disrupt this cycle. They are investigating methods to block neutrophil traps, clear excess DNA, and balance the immune system. These efforts could potentially alleviate inflammation and damage in individuals with liver diseases.