Jupiter is a giant planet with some of the most extreme weather in our solar system.  It has massive cyclones, powerful jet streams, and intense radiation belts.  The Juno spacecraft has been exploring Jupiter and its moon Io, providing new insights into these extreme conditions.

Juno's latest findings come from its microwave radiometer, which can see through Jupiter's thick clouds.  This tool has helped scientists understand the fast-moving jet stream that circles Jupiter's north pole.  This jet stream is filled with cyclones, some of which are bigger than Australia.  By studying these cyclones, scientists have developed a new model to explain their movement and behavior.

Io, one of Jupiter's moons, is the most volcanic body in our solar system.  Juno has also been studying Io, using its Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper to get a closer look at the moon's volcanic activity.  The data from this instrument, combined with the microwave radiometer, has revealed that Io has a subsurface layer of warm magma.  This magma is still cooling and has not yet solidified, which helps explain how Io renews its surface so quickly.

The most energetic eruption in Io's history was first spotted by Juno in December 2024.  This eruption is still active, with lava and ash continuing to spew out.  Scientists expect to get more observations of this eruption in May 2025, when Juno flies by Io again.

Juno has also been using a technique called radio occultation to explore Jupiter's atmosphere.  This technique involves sending a radio signal from Earth to Juno and back, passing through Jupiter's atmosphere on the way.  By measuring the effects of this refraction, scientists can learn about the temperature and density of the atmosphere.  So far, Juno has completed 26 radio occultation soundings, revealing that Jupiter's north polar stratospheric cap is about 11°C cooler than its surroundings and is encircled by winds exceeding 100 mph.

Juno's findings have implications beyond Jupiter.  The new atmospheric model developed from Juno's data could help explain the motion of cyclones on other planets, including Earth.  As Juno continues its mission, it will explore even more of Jupiter's complex system, providing new insights into this giant planet and its moons.

Juno's orbit is ever-changing, which means it gets a new vantage point each time it performs a science flyby.  In the extended mission, Juno will spend more time in the strongest planetary radiation belts in the solar system.  This is a challenging environment, but Juno has been built to withstand it, and scientists are learning more about this intense environment each time Juno goes through it.

Jupiter's Secrets and Io's Fire Revealed

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